Computer Arithmetic Pdf

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Binary arithmetic is essential part of all the digital computers and many other digital system.

Computer Arithmetic provides information pertinent to the fundamental aspects of a digital computer. This book discusses how the control unit uses the arithmetic unit to produce, under commands, the answers asked by the user. Computer Arithmetic Computer Organization and Architecture Arithmetic & Logic Unit. Performs arithmetic and logic operations on data – everything that we think of as “computing.”. Everything else in the computer is there to service this unit. All ALUs handle integers. Some may handle floating point (real) numbers. Computer arithmetic and verilog hdl fundamentals Download computer arithmetic and verilog hdl fundamentals or read online books in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to get computer arithmetic and verilog hdl fundamentals book now. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Binary Representation and Computer Arithmetic The decimal system of counting and keeping track of items was first created by Hindu mathematicians in India in A.D. Since it involved the use of fingers and thumbs, it was natural that this system would have 10 digits. The system found its way to all the Arab.

Binary Addition

It is a key for binary subtraction, multiplication, division. There are four rules of binary addition.

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In fourth case, a binary addition is creating a sum of (1 + 1 = 10) i.e. 0 is written in the given column and a carry of 1 over to the next column.

Example − Addition

Binary Subtraction

Subtraction and Borrow, these two words will be used very frequently for the binary subtraction. There are four rules of binary subtraction.

Example − Subtraction

Binary Multiplication

Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication. It is simpler than decimal multiplication because only 0s and 1s are involved. There are four rules of binary multiplication.

Example − Multiplication

Binary Division

Binary division is similar to decimal division. It is called as the long division procedure.

Example − Division

Negative Number Representation

  • Sign Magnitude

Sign magnitude is a very simple representation of negative numbers. In sign magnitude the first bit is dedicated to represent the sign and hence it is called sign bit.


Sign bit ‘1’ represents negative sign.

Sign bit ‘0’ represents positive sign.

In sign magnitude representation of a n – bit number, the first bit will represent sign and rest n-1 bits represent magnitude of number.

For example,

  • +25 = 011001

Where 11001 = 25

And 0 for ‘+’

  • -25 = 111001

Where 11001 = 25

And 1 for ‘-‘.

Range of number represented by sign magnitude method = -(2n-1-1) to +(2n-1-1) (for n bit number)


But there is one problem in sign magnitude and that is we have two representations of 0

+0 = 000000

– 0 = 100000

  • 2’s complement method

To represent a negative number in this form, first we need to take the 1’s complement of the number represented in simple positive binary form and then add 1 to it.

For example:

(8)10 = (1000)2

1’s complement of 1000 = 0111

Adding 1 to it, 0111 + 1 = 1000


So, (-8)10 = (1000)2

Please don’t get confused with (8)10 =1000 and (-8)10=1000 as with 4 bits, we can’t represent a positive number more than 7. So, 1000 is representing -8 only.

Range of number represented by 2’s complement = (-2n-1 to 2n-1 – 1)

Floating point representation of numbers

  • 32-bit representation floating point numbers IEEE standard


Normalization

  • Floating point numbers are usually normalized
  • Exponent is adjusted so that leading bit (MSB) of mantissa is 1
  • Since it is always 1 there is no need to store it
  • Scientific notation where numbers are normalized to give a single digit before the decimal point like in decimal system e.g. 3.123 x 103

For example, we represent 3.625 in 32 bit format.

Changing 3 in binary=11

Changing .625 in binary


Writing in binary exponent form

3.625=11.101 X 20

On normalizing

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11.101 X 20=1.1101 X 21

On biasing exponent = 127 + 1 = 128

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(128)10=(10000000) 2

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For getting significand

Digits after decimal = 1101

Expanding to 23 bit = 11010000000000000000000

Setting sign bit

As it is a positive number, sign bit = 0

Finally we arrange according to representation

  • 64-bit representation floating point numbers IEEE standard


Again we follow the same procedure upto normalization. After that, we add 1023 to bias the exponent.

For example, we represent -3.625 in 64 bit format.

Changing 3 in binary = 11


Changing .625 in binary

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Writing in binary exponent form

3.625 = 11.101 X 20

On normalizing

11.101 X 20 = 1.1101 X 21

On biasing exponent 1023 + 1 = 1024

(1024)10 = (10000000000)2

So 11 bit exponent = 10000000000

52 bit significand = 110100000000 …………. making total 52 bits

Setting sign bit = 1 (number is negative)

So, final representation

1 10000000000 110100000000 …………. making total 52 bits by adding further 0’s

Converting floating point into decimal

Let’s convert a FP number into decimal

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1 01111100 11000000000000000000000

The decimal value of an IEEE number is given by the formula:

(1 -2s) * (1 + f) * 2( e – bias )

where


  • s, f and e fields are taken as decimal here.
  • (1 -2s) is 1 or -1, depending upon sign bit 0 and 1
  • add an implicit 1 to the significand (fraction field f), as in formula

Again, the bias is either 127 or 1023, for single or double precision respectively.

First convert each individual field to decimal.

  • The sign bit s is 1
  • The e field contains 01111100 = (124)10
  • The mantissa is 0.11000 … = (0.75)10

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Putting these values in formula

(1 – 2) * (1 + 0.75) * 2124 – 127 = ( – 1.75 * 2-3 ) = – 0.21875

This article has been contributed by Anuj Batham.

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